The
Priority Needs Index (PNI) was not created by Wongwanich and Wiratchai (2005),
but rather, it was developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
in the 1990s. The PNI was originally developed as a tool to identify and
prioritize the needs of vulnerable populations in developing countries.
The
UNDP's PNI methodology was later adapted and modified for use in Thailand,
where it has been widely applied to identify areas of priority for development.
Wongwanich and Wiratchai (2005) were among the first researchers to apply the
PNI methodology in Thailand and to modify it to better suit the Thai context.
Therefore,
while Wongwanich and Wiratchai (2005) were not the creators of the PNI, their
work was important in adapting and refining the methodology for use in
Thailand. Since their original publication, the PNI modified has been widely
used in Thailand to identify areas of priority for development, and it
continues to be an important tool for development planning and resource
allocation.
To the
best of my knowledge, the original source for the PNI methodology developed by
the UNDP is the report entitled "A User's Guide to Measuring Human
Development: The Human Development Index and Related Indicators" by Mahbub
ul Haq, which was published in 1995.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Analysis-of-the-Modified-Priority-Needs-Index-PNI-modified_tbl3_332195189
R Sungkawadee, T Kantathanawat, P Pimdee… - International Journal of …, 2026
… Using validated instruments (AO: α = .89; DML: α = .76) and the Priority Needs
Index (PNImodified), findings from 79 participants reveal consistent gaps across all
skill domains, with the most significant needs in applied digital pedagogy, content …
PLP Petpon, D Kulophas
… The analysis of the Modified Priority Needs Index (PNImodified) indicated that
group learning had the highest priority for development (PNImodified = 0.158),
particularly through residential and off-site training and action learning. In terms of …
T Watanapruksa, D Kulophas
… Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using mean scores,
standard deviations, and the Modified Priority Needs Index (PNImodified). … The
Modified Priority Needs Index was used to determine the gaps between current …
N Sathon, C Masena - 2025
… the highest priority needs index (PNImodified = 0.338), while the management of
innovative teams had the lowest priority needs index (… The top three ranked
aspects by priority needs index were 1) Innovative organizational culture, 2) …
[PDF] Curriculum development for competency-based training of scout leaders in Thailand: A design and development research study
C Deekoontod, A Sukkamart, P Pimdee, P Tansiri… - International Journal of …, 2026
… Using the Modified Priority Needs Index (PNImodified) to analyze the data, we
identified and prioritized the gaps in knowledge, skills, and personal characteristics.
In Phase II (Design and Development), experts constructed, validated, and piloted …
Y Yue, J Sitthiworachart, T Ratanaolarn - Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 2026
… To develop a more learner-centered approach, this study surveyed 364 students
in Taiyuan, China, on learning needs, including phenomenon-based learning, peer
assessment, entrepreneurial skills, and critical thinking, using the Priority Needs …
C Jia, P Niramitchainont - Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 2025
… Findings revealed the prioritized needs of both students and teachers based on
the Priority Needs Index (PNI) for the five variables. Notably, the variable "curriculum"
recorded the highest PNI scores for both groups, indicating it as the most critical …
W Seehakul, T Chittranun - Journal of Practical Studies in Education, 2025
… Based on the Priority Needs Index, the critical areas requiring development
ranked from the highest to the lowest were Leadership, Employee happiness, Work
environment, and Positive relationships with colleagues. In response, the findings …
A Aroonsiwagool, S Tuntiwongwanich, P Pimdee… - International Journal of …, 2025
… RQ4: Which specific areas within CT and BBP require the most significant
development based on the Priority Needs Index (PNImodified)? … Initially
developed to support the allocation of resources in development projects, the …
Z Liping, S Bubpha, P Charuchit - Journal of Roi Kaensarn Academi, 2024
… Statistics used were mean, standard deviation, and the modified priority needs
index. …
W Chanpanya, P Xupravati - Journal of Educational Review Faculty of Education in …, 2024
The purpose of this research is to study the priority needs in the Student Affairs
Management Development of Suankularb Wittalai Affiliated in Bangkok Metropolitan
Region, based on the Concept of Resilience. A descriptive research method was …
[PDF] A Model for Enhancing Students' Self-Management Skills in Public Universities in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
Y Gu, T Scott - Journal of Innovation and Management, 2024
… Data analysis utilized the Priority Needs Index (PNImodified). In order to further
understand and analyze the current status and desired … a needs analysis using
the Priority Needs Index Correction Method (PNI Correction Method). The Priority …
กัมปนาท คำ อิน บุตร, ปณต นนท์ เถียร ประภา กุล - วารสาร วิทยาลัย สงฆ์ นคร ลำปาง, 2024
… The study included an analysis of the percentages, means, standard deviations,Priority
needs Index and Content. …
[PDF] Development Model of Teachers' Digital Leadership in Extra-Large Primary Schools Under the Office of Basic Education Commission in the Northeast Region
N Promwang, W Suwannatrai, J Pakotung
… Statistics for data collection were frequency, percentage, mean, standard
deviation, and priority needs index (PNI). The results of the research showed that the
teachers’ digital leadership components in Extra-Large Primary Schools are …
S Siphika - Journal of Education and Innovation, 2024
… The objectives of this research were 1) to study the modified priority needs index
of secondary school curriculum development based on … Data were analyzed using
average, standard deviation, Modified Priority Needs Index (PNImodified), and …
N THANEEWAT, N SERMSRI - Procedia of Multidisciplinary Research, 2024
… This study began by using the Modified Priority Needs Index (PNIModified) of the
digital literacy skills components: use, understanding, creation, and access, among
401 elderly participants in Bang Bo District, Samut Prakan Province, Thailand, and …
N SORNCHAROON - Procedia of Multidisciplinary Research, 2024
… Saraburi School and analyze the priority needs index for improving internal
quality assurance of … , mean, standard deviation, and the Priority Needs Index.
Findings are; 1) The current … 3) The Priority Needs Index for improving internal …
[PDF] PRIORITY NEEDS FOR ESTABLISHING TEACHER ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT IN SCHOOLS UNDER THE SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SERVICE AREA …
P AODTHON - Procedia of Multidisciplinary Research, 2024
… Data analysis included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and the
Priority Needs Index (PNI). Findings indicate that the current level … The Priority
Needs Index highlights the top three areas needing improvement: 1) work-life …
Nguyen, T. V. D., & Leksansern, A. (2024). A model of continuing professional development for Vietnamese lecturers. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 45(1), 147-158.https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2024.45.1.16
Tangdhanakanond, K., & Wongwanich, S. (2012). Teacher attitude and needs assessment
concerning the use of student portfolio assessment in Thailand’s educational reform
process. International Journal of Psychology: A Biopsychosocial Approach, 10, 71-88.
https://tinyurl.com/4npah55f
NRP Mirsa - IJCAR: Indonesian Journal of Classroom Action …, 2024
… A Priority Needs Index (PNI) modified was calculated to analyze the data. The
findings reveal that interpersonal skills have the highest Priority Needs Index (PNI)
value of 0.932, indicating a critical need for improvement in collaboration with …
M Niamu, S Moonmuang, S Pruettikul - Journal of Roi Kaensarn Academi, 2024
… Data analysis was descriptive statistic, pair t-test the different means between the
expected situation and current situation, as well as the Priority Needs Index (PNI)
statistics. …
N Waichompu, C Promsri, N Chullasap, W Dechpichai… - Revista de Gestão Social e …, 2024
… Data analysis included frequency, percentage, and the Modified Priority Needs
Index (PNI … Songkhla province are assessed using the Modified Priority Needs
Index (PNI modified) … presents the mean, standard deviation, and PNI (Modified …
N SRITHONGPANABOON, S Chanchusakun - 2024
The purposes of this research article were to: 1) study the needs of teachers
developing the performance assessment skills of primary teacher, 2) analyze the
reasons for teachers needs in developing the performance assessment skills of …
D NITHAYAPIBOON, Y YANPRECHASET - 2024
The purposes of this research were 1) to survey the needs for the development of
English skills for student teachers in the Common European Framework of
Reference for Languages, 2) to analyze the causes of the development of English …
BK Mayod, N Mhunpiew, V Boonpram - ABAC ODI JOURNAL Vision. Action. Outcome, 2024
… The ten dimensions of 47 students' desired characteristics and current practices
in the second inner layer were put into order of Priority Needs Index )PNI (as
indicated in Table 2. These ten dimensions were deduced from 4 foundational …
S Jariyachamsit - INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC MULTIDISCIPLINARY …, 2024
… innovative OTOP (One Tambon One Product) community in Nakhon Pathom
province in Thailand and analyzing the quantitative data by using basic data
analysis statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and the index value of the …
N Bawk, S Preudhikulpradab
… The modified priority needs index (PNIModified) was also employed to rank the
order of priority. According to Wongwanich (2019), PNIModified determined the gap
between the current and preferred situations using the actual obtained means from …
TVD Nguyen, A Leksansern - Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 2024
… With the Priority Needs Index, modified values would be considered in the
interpretation of findings and further discussion. With the qualitative approach, 15
participants who have experience in CPD, selected by snowball sampling technique …
A Ramwarungkura - Thammasat Review, 2023
… Data analysis employed mean, standard deviation, priority needs index (PNI) and
exploratory factor analysis. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. …
C Promkladphanao, N Tassanayana, R Chamroen… - Journal of Health, Physical …, 2023
… Descriptive statistics were applied to describe mean, standard deviation, and
compared the opinion by modified priority needs index (PNI Modified) …
G Chanyawudhiwan, K Mingsiritham, W Brahmawong - Kasetsart Journal of Social …, 2023
… This research is an exploratory factor analysis, and an analysis of the modified
priority needs index (PNI Modified ) of digital competencies to the 230 people
working at digital open universities in Thailand was obtained using two-stage …
Academic management strategies of private elementary schools based on the concept of quality citizenship attributes in the 21st century
W Chimnoy, P Xupravati, P Siribanpitak - Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 2023
… Data were analyzed by evaluating the priority needs index (PNImodified) and
SWOT analysis. The researcher used the data to develop academic management
strategies based on quality citizenship attributes in the 21st century. The research …
V Chalermchaikit, M Kozak, S Preudhikulpradab - 2023
… Data treatments, validity, and reliability include descriptive statistics, Priority
Needs Index or PNIModified applied to assess the need’s … and meta
competencies for employees’ opportunities obtained the second highest priority …
P Tharmalee, P Chusorn, C Sirisuthi - International Journal of Higher Education, 2023
… The objectives of this research were to study the components and indicators of
academic administration for the excellence of med-sized secondary schools, study
the current conditions desirable conditions and priority needs index and to study the …
V Chalermchaikit, M Kozak, S Preudhikulpradab - ABAC ODI JOURNAL Vision. Action …, 2023
… Data treatments, validity, and reliability include descriptive statistics, Priority
Needs Index or PNIModified applied to assess the need’s … and meta
competencies for employees’ opportunities obtained the second highest priority …
S Khamyon, N Mhunpiew, M Prathumarach - ABAC ODI JOURNAL Vision. Action …, 2023
Leadership involves inspiring, influencing, and directing people to work together to
achieve goals and objectives. Student leaders need to enhance their leadership
characteristics to help them be better and thrive in the future. Relatively, students are …
S Tavala, T Siputta - 2023
… The data was analyzed by means, standard derivation (SD) and arranged priority
by Modified Priority Needs Index (PNImodified) The second step … Found that
highest score of the Priority Needs Index was the creativity, followed by the quality of …
K Loilert, T Siputta - 2023
… Data were analyzed by using frequency, percentage standard deviation and
modified priority needs index (PNImodified). The results of the research were as
follows: the needs of the English teachers under Sukhothai Primary Education Area …
A Ploysopon, R Loungkeaw, N Nuchanart - International Journal of Islamic …, 2023
… Analysis techniques included the Priority Needs Index (PNI Modified) and an
independent t-test. This study concludes that (1) the highest priority needs among
counseling services, administrative structure, activities that respond to student needs …
RK Metzger, S Chaemchoy - วารสาร นวัตกรรม การ ศึกษา และ การ วิจัย, 2023
… In terms of the Modified Priority Needs Index (PNImodified) of the management of
UDL to promote children’s holistic development in private kindergartens, the
dimension that showed the highest level of need is Flexible Groupings/Co-operative …
C Choomsri, P Chansirisira - Journal of Multidisciplinary in Humanities and Social …, 2023
… Pearson coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and modified priority needs
index (PNImodified) analysis. The research results were as follows: 1. The
composition of smart school development in the digital age consists of 3 elements (27 …
S Pitiporntapin, O Butkatanyoo, C Piyapimonsit… - Kasetsart Journal of Social …, 2023
… The researchers used the modified priority needs index (PNImodified), means,
standard deviations (SD), t-test dependent, and content analysis. The findings
revealed that the top needs to enhance teachers’ STEM literacy that most teachers …
K Sattanon - International Journal of Architecture, Art and Design …, 2023
… The Priority Parental Anxiety Index (PPAI) was developed from the Priority Needs
Index (PNI) to prioritize guidelines for improving the school environment based on
current anxiety compared to the anxiety improved. The parental anxiety was at a …
N Yukongpan, K Duangchatom, U Promta - Interdisciplinary Academic and Research …, 2023
… The statistics used for data analysis were frequency, percentage, mean, and
standard deviation by using a computer program and the Modified Priority Needs
Index (PNI Modified) technique. Phase 2 studied the academic management …
P Jaiyod, T Uppamaiathichai - 2023
… The data analysis was processed by statistical analysis which are frequency
percentage mean and standard deviation (SD) while the Priority Needs Index (PNImodified)
and the content analysis was performed to assess the needs. The second step was …
T Sungmuang, T Siputta - 2023
The purposes of this research were to study the needs and guidelines for academic
administration to improve the quality of education. Under Phitsanulok Primary
Education Service Area Office 1, the research was divided into 2 steps: Step 1: a …
[PDF] EXPLORING SITUATIONS, NEEDS, AND
GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE COMPETENCY-BASED CURRICULUM IN THAILAND'S
PUBLIC PRIMARY …
WN Pinyo Wongthong -
Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 2023
… The learner competency
aspect was identified as having the highest priority
needs an index for the implementation of CBC in public primary schools, while
the
assessment aspect was found to have the lowest priority needs index,
indicating that …
[PDF] Mobile-Assisted Language Learning
using Task-Based Approach and Gamification for Enhancing Writing Skills in EFL
Students
P Pingmuang, P Koraneekij -
Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 2022
… The data were analysed
by using frequency, mean, standard deviation, priority
needs index, dependent t-test, and one-way ANOVA with
repeated measure analysis.
The research result indicated that 1) lower secondary students were able to use
the …
Rukspollmuang, C. Transforming learning for sufficiency economy
philosophy and sustainable development through the triangle of living learning
lab. Asia Pacific Educ. Rev. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-022-09804-2
[PDF] Approaches for Developing Thai
Diplomats to Become World Class*** Suwanee Auephunsirikul
SNN Ayudhaya
… The first priority needs index of
the development of diplomats’ competencies was
off-the-job training, followed by blended learning and on-the-job training.
Therefore,
approaches to training and development using blended learning models
that …
The Participationin Academic
Administration of Administrators and Teachers Engaged in Schools of Association
Committee Under the Secondary Education Service …
P Phetthong -
Journal of Academic and Innovation in Social, 2022
Meta-skills Development Needs Assessment Among Undergraduate
Students
P Prasittichok, KK Klaykaew - Heliyon, 2022
– Elsevier … Mean, standard deviation, dependent samples t test, and the Modified Priority Needs-Index analysis were carried
out on the data.
