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By Ajarn Charlie
professorcharlieusa [@] gmail.com
This page is to assist authors with understanding the correct use of the new APA Edition 7 citation and reference formats.
APA Edition 7 Reference Formats:
APA Edition 7 Style and Grammar Guide:
APA Edition 7 Style Academic Writer:
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/grammar/first-person-pronouns
Use first-person pronouns in APA Style to describe your work as well as
your personal reactions. If you are writing a paper by yourself, use the
pronoun “I” to refer to yourself. If you are writing a paper with coauthors,
use the pronoun “we” to refer yourself and your coauthors together.
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/headings
ACADEMIC JOURNALS:
Journal Sample 1 - Journal with 2 authors and a DOI.
Leekitchwatana, P., & Pimdee, P. (2017). Appropriate Thai high school student Internet behaviour: A hierarchical linear model analysis. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 12(10), 158 – 172. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v12i10.7366
In the above example from iJET (SJRQ2/WOS), we note the page numbers for the journal. However, if you go the journal's web site, the page numbers are not given. Also, if you go to crossref.org to find it or the DOI, the last page number is missing there as well. Then how do you get the page numbers? The only solution is to download the PDF and go to the last page where you will find '172'. Difficult? Very.
Crossref Format (Note: Crossref is a slow database.)
Journal Sample 2 - Journal with 2 authors and an article number.
Srinuan, C., & Srinuan, P. (2021). Determining spectrum caps and service efficiency: A case study of mobile operators in Thailand. Telecommunications Policy, Article 102225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102225
Crossref Format
In this example, we can see that the title of the paper is not capitalized, but the journal title is. The reason to use this format is I have found out over the years that most proofing editors prefer this format when the journal uses APA. If there is an exception to this (capitalized journal titles), the journal guidelines will let you know and references are normally not APA.
Also, please note there is no "Retrieved from" statement before the DOI. This statement was eliminated in APA Ed. 7. You will also note that in this article from Telecommunications Policy (SJRQ1), they do not use volumes, issues, or pages but instead use a article number.
Journal Sample 3 - Journal with 3 authors, article number and a DOI.
Chuenban, P.,
Sornsaruht, P., & Pimdee, P. (2021). How brand attitude,
brand quality, and brand value affect Thai canned tuna consumer brand loyalty. Heliyon, 7(2), e06301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06301
Crossref Format
Journal Sample 4 - Journal with 4 or more authors.
For a work with up to 20 authors, include all of the names in the reference. When the work has 21 or more authors, include only the first 19 names, an ellipsis, and the final name.
Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of Improbable Mathematics, 27(1), 1935–1968. https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537
https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/more-than-20-authors
Journal Sample 5 - Journal with 2 authors and NO DOI.
Moreover, as a rule of thumb, as the journal's quartile ranking increases, the chances of them using a DOI (digital objective identifier) increases. However, there are exceptions, such as APSSR in the Philippines (currently SJRQ2) in which you must use the link to the PDF at the end of the reference. As these links can be excessively long and messy, I have always used tinyurl.com to make brief and consistently short links to the document. As such, a reference using this style is as follows:
Supawan, P., & Deebhijarn, S. (2020). Factors affecting business performance of Thai restaurants in the United Kingdom: A structural equation model. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 20(2), 22 – 28. https://tinyurl.com/d6rtwp6z
Once again, in the above example there is no "Retrieved from" which is different from APA Ed. 6, the paper title is using non-capitalized words, but the journal title is both capitalized and italicized.
Crossref Format
This APSSR paper is not in Crossref even though the journal is presently ranked Q2 by SJR. Why?
The reason for APSSR not being in the database is because the publisher (DLSU) does not assign DOIs to their papers. Reasons for this might be that journals must be qualified first and they must also pay a yearly fee which some journals do not want to pay. Also, the DOI update process is labor intensive, and many journals do not want to allocate the humans to do this. Finally, far too many journal staffs are just lazy and highly unprofessional.
However, in my humble opinion, this is very short sighted and I told APSSR's previous editor this, as many journals today require DOIs in papers used as references. This could be one reason APSSR has dropped from a SJRQ1 to a SJRQ2 journal over the past 2 years, as many authors are very hesitant to use papers with no DOI as they fear the paper won't be indexed in the major indices such as Scopus and WOS.
Finally, review this APA link for journal articles which are missing volume or issue numbers and for articles which have been retracted:
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/journal-article-references#3
BOOKS
Book Sample 1 - Book with one author and no editor(s).
Loehlin, J. C. (1992). Latent variable models. Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers.
Fongsri, P. (2014). Construction
and development of research tools. Dansutha Printing Co., Ltd. (in Thai).
Please note in this example using Loehlin that there is no publisher location. This is because in the transition from APA 6 to APA 7, publisher location requirements were dropped.
Also note the space between the initials used in the author's name. This is a requirement by most APA journals. Other formats such as HARVARD and IEEE normally do not use spaces between initials.
Book Sample 2 - Book with two authors and no editor(s).
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R.
G. (2010). A beginner's guide to
structural equation modeling. Routledge.
Please note that the book's title is not capitalized. This is the style most preferred by APA journals. Once again, the publisher location is omitted. Also note that an '&' is used between names, NOT an 'and'. Other styles which use an 'and' are IEEE and Harvard.
Book Sample 3 - Book with three authors and no editor.
Jöreskog, K. G., Olsson, U. H., & Fan,
Y. W. (2016). Multivariate analysis with
LISREL.
Springer.
Book Sample 4 - Book with two authors and an edition number.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell,
L. S. (2007). Using multivariate
statistics (5th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.
For comparison purposes, here is a screen capture from the APA blog for Edition 6. Please note that the publisher location (Washington, D.C.) is included. However, in APA Ed. 7 publisher locations have been omitted:
APA Edition 6:
Also, APA suggests that edition numbers be used as it tells the researcher that there are earlier editions and maybe even later ones as well.
Book Sample 5 - Book with multiple editors and an edition number.
Cant, M. C., Strydom, J. W., Jooste, C. J.,
& du Plessis, P. J. (Eds.). (2006). Marketing
Management (5th ed). Juta & Co.
Tomadaki, E., & Scott, P. (Eds.). (2006). Innovative approaches for learning and knowledge sharing,” First European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning (EC - TEL). https://doi.org/10.1007/11876663.
Please note the space between the initials used in each authors' names. This is a requirement by most APA journals. Other formats such as HARVARD and IEEE normally do not use spaces between initials.
Book Sample 6 - Chapter in a book and a DOI.
Giannakos, M. N., Krogstie. J., & Aalberg, T. (2016). Toward a learning ecosystem to support flipped classroom: A conceptual framework and early results. In State-of-the-Art and Future Directions of Smart Learning (pp. 105 – 114). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-868-7_12
Bekkers, V. Edelenbos, J., & Steijn, B. (2011). Linking innovation to the public sector: Contexts, concepts, and challenges. In V. Bekkers, J. Edelenbos, & B. Steijn (Eds.), Innovation in the Public Sector. (pp. 3 – 32). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230307520_1
Book Sample 7 - Chapter in a book with an editor/editors, page numbers and a DOI.
Gary, P. R. (2007). Adjusting for
nonresponse in surveys. In C. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and
Research
(pp. 411-449), Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5666-6_8
(2018). Redirecting the fashion industry towards eco-effective practices. In C. Becker-Leifhold & M. Heuer (Eds.), Eco-friendly and fair. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351058353
Hollander, A., & Mar, N. Y. (2009). Towards achieving
TVET for All: The role of the UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical
and Vocational Education and Training. In R. Maclean, R. & D. Wilson (Eds.),
International Handbook of Education for the Changing World of Work.
Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5281-1_3
Book Sample 8 - Misc.
Taylor
R., & Gebre,
A. (2016).Teacher–student
relationships and personalized learning: Implications of personal and
contextual variables. In M. Murphy, S. Redding, & J. S. Twyman (Eds.), Handbook on personalized learning for states, districts, and schools,
(pp. 205 – 220). Temple University, Center on Innovations in Learning.
NEWSPAPERS
Newspaper Sample 1 - Newspaper article with author.
Chuenniran, A. (2019, April
24). China stresses safety for tourists visiting Thailand. Bangkok Post. https://tinyurl.com/3d37avuy
Williams, N. B. (1985, May 7). Major investment: Water buffalo pull most of Thailand load. Los Angeles Times. https://tinyurl.com/yyku3uzu
Newspaper Sample 2 - Newspaper article with no author.
In world first, bitcoin becomes legal tender in El Salvador. (2021, September 7). https://tinyurl.com/8k8nb9h4
Cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title or abbreviated title.: ("In world first," 2021).
THESIS AND DISSERTATIONS
Dissertation Sample 1
Stone, A. P. (2009). An Investigation of Isan textiles at the
village level in North-Eastern Thailand with particular reference to design and
manufacturing strategies. [Published doctoral dissertation, University of
Canberra]. Australia. https://tinyurl.com/y2rvs8em
Dissertation Sample 2
Tongchiw, T. (2013). The meta-evaluation of revolving funds evaluation in Thailand.
[Doctoral dissertation, National Institute of Development Administration].
Thailand. https://tinyurl.com/5fz7fhcc.
M Master's Thesis Sample 1
Low, B. D. (2007). Do you know what you know?: Perspectives on traditional ecological knowledge. [Published Master’s thesis]. The University of Northern British Columbia. https://doi.org/10.24124/2011/bpgub511
CONFERENCES
Conference Sample 1
Duckworth, A. L., Quirk, A., Gallop, R., Hoyle, R. H., Kelly, D. R., & Matthews, M. D. (2019). Cognitive and noncognitive predictors of success. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 116(47), 23499–23504. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910510116
Conference Sample 2 - Proceedings with editors.
[ Laanpere, M., Poldoja H., & Normak. P. (2013). Open and social technologies for networked learning. In T. Ley, M. Ruohonen, M. Laanpere, & A. Tatnall (Eds.), OST: IFIP WG 3.4 International Conference on Open and Social Technologies for Networked Learning, Vol. 395 (pp. 91 - 100) . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37285-8
Frielick, S. (2004). Beyond constructivism: An ecological
approach to e-learning. In R. Atkinson, C. McBeath, D. Jonas-Dwyer, & R.
Phillips (Eds.), Beyond the comfort zone: Proceedings of the 21st ASCILITE
Conference (pp. 328 - 332). https://tinyurl.com/yt7cbejv
1. Conference presentation
Evans, A. C., Jr., Garbarino, J., Bocanegra, E., Kinscherff, R. T., & Márquez-Greene, N. (2019, August 8–11). Gun violence: An event on the power of community [Conference presentation]. APA 2019 Convention, Chicago, IL, United States. https://convention.apa.org/2019-video
Parenthetical citation: (Evans et al., 2019) Narrative citation: Evans et al. (2019)
Cacioppo, S. (2019, April 25–28). Evolutionary theory of social connections: Past, present, and future [Conference presentation abstract]. Ninety-ninth annual convention of the Western Psychological Association, Pasadena, CA, United States. https://westernpsych.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/WPA-Program-2019-Final-2.pdf
GGovernment Reports.
https://columbiacollege-ca.libguides.com/apa/governmentdocs#government_website
Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee. (Year of Publication, Month Day). Title of document: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name. URL
Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services. (2010, April 27). Your preschool child's speech and language development. link
(Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Year)
Example: (Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services, 2010)
Note: When the government department, agency or committee that created the document is also the publisher, omit the publisher.
DOIs-
Do you know Crossref? Crossref is an organization “working to make content easy to find, link, cite, and assess” (Crossref, 2016). One of their services is to register digital object identifiers (DOIs), and we follow their guidelines for display of DOIs.
Effective March 2017, Crossref has updated their DOI display guidelines, in part to ensure security (with https). For more details, see https://www.crossref.org/display-guidelines/ and https://www.crossref.org/blog/new-crossref-doi-display-guidelines-are-on-the-way/
Their new recommended format looks like this:
https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014
And here’s how that looks in an APA Style reference:
| Morey, C. C., Cong, Y., Zheng, Y., Price, M., & Morey, R. D. (2015). The color-sharing bonus: Roles of perceptual organization and attentive processes in visual working memory. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 3, 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014 |
Note the secure https and the simple url prefix doi.org.
Although we recommend moving to the new format, in APA Style manuscripts, we will be accepting the older formats (doi:10.1037/arc0000014 or http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014) or the new format (https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014).
We recommend that you pick one format to use consistently throughout a reference list.
We will begin using the new format in our examples on this blog from this point forward. But, to clarify, in your manuscripts or papers, all of the following are currently considered correct APA Style:
- https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014
- doi:10.1037/arc0000014
Reference
Crossref. (2016). Annual report 15–16. Retrieved from https://www.crossref.org/pdfs/annual-report-2015-16.pdf
Footnotes:
Messy references
1. What is a 'messy' reference link? See these examples from Thailand's KJSS. This is why you should use tinyurl.com:
Use of the
singular “they”
When the gender of a person is unknown, the
use of the singular “they” is accepted. Do not use expressions such as “s/he”
or “his or her.” For example, “Each student submitted
their art portfolio to the committee” is correct. If using the singular “they”
as a generic third-person pronoun seems awkward, try rewording the sentence or
using the plural, such as “All students submitted their art portfolios to the
committee” or “The art portfolio of each student was submitted to the
committee.” More information about this is at https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/singular-they
and https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/grammar/singular-they
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